The short answer
No — goldfish eat shrimp. A goldfish is an opportunistic feeder with a big appetite, and it treats a shrimp colony as a live buffet. Even quick adult cherry shrimp get picked off one by one, and shrimplets vanish immediately. On top of that, goldfish are cold-water fish while dwarf shrimp are tropical, so the two don’t share a comfortable temperature either. It’s a no on both counts.
Why goldfish and shrimp don’t mix
Goldfish forage constantly and will eat anything that fits in their mouth. Dwarf shrimp are exactly the right size to be a snack, and their slow-moving foraging behaviour makes them easy targets, especially at night. Unlike a betta — where the outcome is hit or miss — a goldfish is a near-certain shrimp predator, so you can’t rely on cover or numbers to save the colony.
The temperature clash
Cherry and other Neocaridina shrimp do best around 22–25°C, tropical range. Goldfish want cooler water and produce heavy waste that pushes up nitrates fast — hardly the clean, stable conditions a shrimp colony needs. Trying to compromise on temperature leaves both sides worse off. For why goldfish don’t suit a tropical tank at all, see can goldfish live with tropical fish?
What to keep instead
Give dwarf shrimp their own tropical tank, where they’ll breed and colour up beautifully — start with best shrimp tank and how to set up a shrimp tank. Safe shrimp companions are peaceful and small: see can corydoras live with shrimp? and can nerite snails live with shrimp? Care sheet: cherry shrimp.